India surpassed Japan to become the world’s fourth-largest economy with a Gross Domestic Product of approximately 4.18 trillion United States dollars. India is also projected to overtake Germany to become the third-largest economy by the year 2030.

The Department of Telecommunications under the Ministry of Communications released the National Frequency Allocation Plan 2025. The plan governs radio-frequency spectrum management in India and identifies spectrum bands for Fifth Generation, Fifth Generation Advanced, and future Sixth Generation networks.

Russia’s Ministry of Defence announced that the nuclear-capable Oreshnik hypersonic ballistic missile system has entered active service. The missile has a range between 500 and 5,500 kilometres and can attain speeds of up to Mach 10.

The European Union introduced the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism. It is an import duty imposed on goods produced outside Europe, calculated on the basis of carbon emissions during production, and primarily targets products such as steel and aluminium.

The Gujarat Government, led by Chief Minister Bhupendra Patel, approved the Indian Artificial Intelligence Research Organization at Gujarat International Finance Tec-City, Gandhinagar. This made Gujarat the first state in India to establish a national Artificial Intelligence research institution under a Public-Private Partnership model.

The Palak Mata-Pita Yojana was launched by the Gujarat government in 2009–2010 to support orphaned and abandoned children. The scheme provides monthly financial assistance of ₹3,000 to foster caregivers to ensure family-based upbringing.

Candida auris is a multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen that has spread globally. It can cause severe invasive infections such as bloodstream infections and meningitis and affects approximately 6.5 million people annually.

The Bihar government approved a proposal to notify the Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary as a Tiger Reserve. It is the largest wildlife sanctuary in Bihar and is located in the Kaimur and Rohtas districts.

SPREE 2025 was launched by the Employees’ State Insurance Corporation. The scheme allows unregistered employers and employees to join the Employees’ State Insurance framework without prior inspections or submission of past records.

The Defence Research and Development Organisation successfully conducted a salvo launch of two Pralay missiles from the same launcher off the Odisha coast. Pralay is an indigenously developed solid-propellant quasi-ballistic missile equipped with high-precision guidance.

General Mamady Doumbouya was elected President of Guinea with 86.72 percent of the vote in provisional results. He initially seized power through a military coup in 2021 and has now secured a seven-year presidential mandate.

The Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) is listed as Critically Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List. Researchers have incorporated the local ecological knowledge of the Adi community to enhance tracking and conservation efforts.

Army Hospital (Research and Referral), New Delhi, performed India’s first 3D Flex Aqueous Angiography using an iStent. The procedure integrates advanced imaging with minimally invasive glaucoma surgery, enabling real-time visualization of aqueous outflow pathways.

The National Test House operates under the Department of Consumer Affairs within the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution. It is India’s largest multi-location central government testing laboratory and was recently empanelled by the National Highways Authority of India.

The Market Access Support intervention was launched under the Export Promotion Mission. It aims to enhance international market access for Indian exporters, particularly Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises and first-time exporters.